Chapter 3- State and Empire

During this era, the Egyptians, Mesopotamians, and Norte Chico peoples were among the most popular and increasingly modern civilizations during this era. However, not much is revealed about the Egyptians and Mesopotamians as they didn't have many relics and arts to study. However, one group of people known as the Indus Valley people (modern day India) were among the most progressive and innovative peoples at that time. The Indus Valley people were known to have advanced drainage systems at that time and had primitive versions of the toilet. This made for a more clean environment in which less people would get sick because of scattered pieces of feces.  This was even more advanced than many European civilizations in later eras. Because of their skills in math and measurement, building techniques were more sturdy and precise for the Indus Valley people. Bricks were all one size making it easier for the construction of more complex structures. The use of bricks was also effective because of how durable brick was compared to stones and wood. The civilization was short lived however. Historians find the cause to be invasions from smaller civilizations around the area since the Indus Valley people had no evidence of having any type of military group.

Patriarchy was also an idea that spurred during this era. Civilizations had the idea of having a leader to oversee everything that was happening. This also made for stricter laws and regulations which the common people had to follow. Women at this time had little to no rights and gender inequality became even more rampant.